侗族人民世代居住在云貴高原東麓、南嶺山脈西段的廣西、貴州、湖南等省區(qū),這里山嶺疊翠、江河縱橫,逢寨必有水,有水就有橋,偏南季風(fēng)和山地復(fù)雜地形造成的頻繁降雨更是讓這里的橋添上了屋頂,形成了侗家特有的廊橋----風(fēng)雨橋。
風(fēng)雨橋遍布侗鄉(xiāng)各地,在廣西三江侗族自治縣就有大大小小108座風(fēng)雨橋。三江侗族自治縣位于廣西北部山區(qū),是我國晴天最少的地方之一,年平均晴天日數(shù)僅有6天,大多數(shù)的時間這里的天空被云、霧和雨占踞著,這里雨量非常充沛,空氣濕度極大,年平均雨量1538毫米,年平均相對濕度81%。在長期與多雨而潮濕的天氣打交道的歲月里,侗家人積累了豐富的防雨防潮經(jīng)驗,從風(fēng)雨橋等民族建筑中,我們可以看到建造者們匠心獨運的一些細(xì)節(jié):
1、風(fēng)雨橋是因地制宜用當(dāng)?shù)爻R姷拇笄嗍鳂蚨?,杉木為主體構(gòu)筑而成,橋墩呈六面形柱體,上下游均為銳角,可以減少洪水的沖擊。
2、這種造型象杉樹的重檐以及在橋側(cè)的腰檐,被當(dāng)?shù)厝朔Q作“雨搭”,多層屋檐比單層屋檐遮雨的功效更好,可以防止雨滴飄入,而且還兼具通風(fēng)透光的功能;即使偶爾有雨水灑落在橋面上,由于木板間留有空隙,可以避免積水,從而在一定程度上延長了橋身的壽命。
3、整座橋均由杉木穿插連接而成,不用任何鐵部件,可以避免銹蝕,用桐油處理過的木材,更可以防潮防蟲堅固耐用,所以郭沫若先生在為程陽風(fēng)雨橋題的詩句中才會有“竹木一身堅勝鐵”的評價。
正是因為有了這些精湛的工藝作保障,盡管歷經(jīng)無數(shù)風(fēng)雨,目前仍然有300多座風(fēng)雨橋,象一串串跳躍的音符點綴在侗鄉(xiāng)的靈山秀水間,或輕盈或凝重,與自然環(huán)境渾然融為一體。
風(fēng)雨橋陪伴著侗家人走過四季、走過無數(shù)個風(fēng)云變幻的日子,侗家人熱愛風(fēng)雨橋、崇敬風(fēng)雨橋,侗家人與這里的山、水、橋相依相伴,續(xù)寫著風(fēng)雨情緣。
Rangh lueg baihdoeng Yinzgvei Gauhyenz、baihsae megbya Nanzlingj, dwg ranghdieg Gvangjsih、Gveicouh、Huznanz dwngj swngjgih doxgap, lwg Dungcuz ciuhciuh daihdaih couh gwndaenj youq gizneix, gizneix bya dam bya, dah rij vangraeh, miz mbanj couh miz raemx, miz raemx couh miz giuz, gizneix ci rumz bien namz, dieg bya fukcab, cauxbaenz fwn doek lai, yienghneix gij giuz gizneix cungj miz dingjranz, baenz roqgiuz Dungcuz gagmiz—giuzfwnrumz.
Dungcuz gak mbanj gak dieg cungj miz giuzfwnrumz, youq Gvangjsih Sanhgyangh Dungcuz Swciyen, couh miz 108 diuz giuzfwnrumz hunghung iqiq. Sanhgyangh Dungcuz Swciyen youq diegbya baihbaek Gvangjsih, dwg guek raeuz dieg ngoenzgvengq ceiq noix, baenzbi ngoenzgvengq ngamq miz 6 ngoenz, gwnzmbwn gizneix dingzlai seizgan cungj miz fwj、mok、fwn, gizneix fwnraemx lai, hoengheiq gig cumx, bi fwnraemx cijbingz miz 1538 hauzmij, bi sienghdui cizdu cijbingz dwg 81%. Dienheiq ciengzgeiz fwn lai youh cumx, gyoengq beixnuengx Dungcuz youq doengh cungj ndwenngoenz yienghneix, gaenq rom miz haujlai gingniemh fuengz fwn fuengz cumx, daj giuzfwnrumz dwngj minzcuz hwnjguh ndawde, raeuz ndaej yawjraen gij yunghsim canghcaepgiuz:
1、Giuzfwnrumz dwg yungh rinyienh dangdieg caep doengiuz, gwnzgiuz aeu faexsamoeg gaq baenz, doengiuz caep baenz saeu roek mienh, donhgwnz donhlaj guhbaenz goksoem, ndaej gemjnoix raemxrongz dongj.
2、Gwnzdingj giuzfwnrumz yiemh dab yiemh lumj faexsamoeg, giuz song mbiengj youh miz yiemh, doengh gij yiemh neix vunz dangdieg heuhguh “dap fwn”, yiemhgiuz lai caengz beij caengz dog dangj fwn ndei, ndaej fuengz fwn biu haeujdaeuj, caemhcaiq lij ndaej doeng rumz daeuq rongh; couhcinj saekseiz miz fwn doek youq gwnz giuz, aenvih gipbenj caeuq gipbenj loq doxliz miz geh, mienx cwk raemx, yienghneix diuzgiuz couh ndaej souhmingh raez lo.
3、Baenz diuzgiuz cungj dwg aeu faexsamoeg vangraeh camca、doxdaep doxlienz guh baenz, mbouj yungh saek diuz dietding saek benq diet, mienx deng myaex, gij faex aeu youzdoengz cat gvaq, ndaej fuengz cumx fuengz non youh gaenjmaenh naihyungh, ndigah Goz Mozyoz sienseng sij sei haenh Giuzfwnrumz Cwngzyangz cij miz coenz neix: faex benj maenh gvaq diet.
Cingqdwg aenvih canghcaepgiuz dinfwngz giuj dungxcaiz maenh, cij guh baenz gij giuz gyaqciq youh gaenjmaenh neix, yienznaeuz deng rumz bongj fwn rwed geij cib bi, hoeng seizneix lij miz 300 lai diuz giuzfwnrumz, daengj youq lajbya gwnzdah, caeuq gingjsaek seiq henz doxhab youq itheij.
Giuzfwnrumz buenx gyoengq beixnuengx Dungzcuz byaij gvaq seiqgeiq, byaij gvaq haujlai ndwenngoenz foekfan, gyoengq beixnuengx Dungcuz ndiepgyaez giuzfwnrumz, gingqcungh giuzfwnrumz, gyoengqde caeuq gij bya、raemx、giuz gizneix doxing doxbaengh, sij baenz haujlai gojgaeq ndeidingq.
查天氣
關(guān)注“廣西天氣”微信公眾號